Biometrics for the Balkans: Albania’s Diaspora Voter Registration Could Inspire Stronger Regional Democracy

In 2025, Albania quietly achieved something many of its Balkan neighbors have long aspired to but never fully realized: it digitally enfranchised its diaspora. Through a secure, biometric-based electronic voter registration system, Albania enabled nearly a quarter of a million citizens living abroad to register to vote for the first time—a milestone rooted not only in political will but in rigorous technical design.

This achievement is documented in the paper “Empowering the Diaspora: A Digital Approach to Voter Registration for Albanian Citizens Out of the Country” by Elira Hoxha, Jona Josifi, and Redion Lila (University of Tirana, 2025), which was presented during the recent E-Vote-ID 2025. The study offers the first detailed analysis of how Albania transformed diaspora enfranchisement from an administrative aspiration into an operational reality, merging electoral reform, cybersecurity best practices, and human-centered design.

A Digital Bridge for One-Third of the Nation

One-third of Albania’s citizens live outside the country—most in Italy, Greece, and Germany—and for decades faced immense barriers to participation: complex paperwork, poor consular coordination, and inconsistent voter lists. As Hoxha, Josifi, and Lila note, the introduction of the electronic voter registration (e-registration) platform marked “a major milestone in Albania’s ongoing efforts to modernize its electoral infrastructure and expand civic participation beyond national borders.”

The Central Election Commission (CEC) developed the system to operate through three channels—a desktop web portal, a native mobile application, and a mobile-friendly web version—ensuring inclusivity across age groups, devices, and internet conditions. Statistical data from the study revealed that nearly 80 percent of registrants completed the process using mobile devices, underscoring what the authors describe as “the emergence of mobile-first democracy.”

Biometric Security Plus Inclusivity

What set Albania’s approach apart was the integration of cutting-edge biometric technology with responsive human oversight. The system employed a three-factor authentication process—password, one-time passcode (OTP), and real-time facial recognition verified against the National Civil Registry—anchored on ISO/IEC 19794-5 biometric standards. This multi-layered authentication, as detailed in the paper, “safeguarded the registration workflow against impersonation, unauthorized access, and automated attacks.”

At the same time, the CEC established a 24/7 multilingual support team accessible via phone, email, WhatsApp, and chatbot. Staff worked in rotating shifts until 2 a.m., verifying applications within an average of three days. If errors were found, applicants were allowed to correct and reapply—striking, as the authors emphasize, “the right balance between efficiency and empathy.”

A Model of Democratic Modernization

The results were transformative. According to Hoxha, Josifi, and Lila, a total of 245,935 diaspora voters successfully registered—an unprecedented expansion of Albania’s electorate. The system’s reliability, accessibility, and compliance with GDPR and national data laws demonstrated that technological modernization need not come at the expense of democratic integrity.

Beyond its technical success, the initiative carried profound symbolic weight: it restored a sense of belonging to citizens long excluded from the political life of their homeland. It showed that digital transformation, when paired with transparency and accountability, can rebuild trust in institutions—something sorely needed in many post-transition democracies.

Blueprint for the Balkans

Albania’s experience offers a pragmatic blueprint for other Balkan states such as North Macedonia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia. Each faces similar challenges: large diasporas, administrative bottlenecks, and waning voter confidence. Yet as the paper demonstrates, these challenges are not immutable—they are design problems waiting for digital solutions.

A region-wide embrace of secure, biometric e-registration could yield multiple dividends: enhanced electoral integrity, expanded participation, and a tangible step toward consolidating democracy in Southeast Europe. As the authors conclude, Albania’s case illustrates that “leveraging technology to expand voter engagement is not merely a technical innovation—it is an act of democratic renewal.”

Albania’s model reminds the Balkans that inclusion is the ultimate test of democracy. And in 2025, through code, cloud, and commitment, Albania passed that test with distinction.

Balancing Security, Transparency, and Efficiency: The Belgian E-Voting Blueprint

The electronic voting system being used in Flanders is emerging as one of Europe’s enduring and most thoughtfully designed ventures in digital democracy. Over three election cycles, 2012, 2018, and 2024, Flanders has developed and refined an offline voting system that balances technological efficiency with the bedrock principles of security and transparency. The model proves digitalization, when properly governed, can strengthen public trust.

According to a paper presented by election technologist Jan Coudron at the recent E-Vote ID Conference in France, the system is built on the idea of verifiable paper trail, which anchors every digital ballot in a physical record.

After voters make their selection on the touchscreen, the machine prints a paper ballot showing both the readable choices and a QR code that encodes the same information. The voter can then visually confirm their vote before depositing the printout into a sealed ballot box. This ensures that each electronic vote has a tangible, auditable counterpart—bridging the gap between digital efficiency and paper-based trust.

History

Belgium’s foray into e-voting began in the early 1990s with the Digivote and Jites systems, which relied on magnetic cards. While these early efforts demonstrated technical potential, concerns about transparency, auditability, and long-term reliability soon surfaced.

In response, a 2007 study called BeVoting, authored by a consortium of seven Belgian universities—redefined the nation’s approach around three core principles: verifiability, security, and offline operation.

By 2012, Flanders rolled out the “enhanced paper voting” system, combining touchscreen convenience with a voter-verifiable paper trail. Over the next decade, the model steadily expanded. By 2024, it covered about 62% of Flemish voters across 159 municipalities—transforming what began as a limited pilot into a core feature of regional democracy.

Firm legal foundations

The Flemish model is grounded on a robust legal and institutional framework. Two decrees—the Local and Provincial Electoral Decree (2011) and the Digital Electoral Decree (2012)—establish strict rules for system design, data management, and verification procedures. Oversight is vested in an independent College of Experts appointed by the Flemish Parliament, complemented by certified evaluators who audit hardware and software integrity before and after each election.

The Flemish platform operates entirely offline. Votes are recorded locally, printed on paper, and stored both digitally and physically. Encrypted data copies are saved on multiple USB drives, while every stage—from system setup to result transmission—is sealed, hashed, and logged for verification. This “island architecture” drastically reduces cyberattack surfaces while maintaining the speed and reliability expected from digital processes.

Early learnings

The 2012 rollout surfaced several lessons: compressed preparation timelines, uneven staff training, and interface issues like accidental double taps. However, subsequent evaluations in 2018 and 2024 recorded marked improvement. Manuals were rewritten in clearer, visual formats; polling officers received better training; and the interface was redesigned for clarity and accessibility. By 2024, 94% of municipal coordinators reported satisfaction with the system, praising its stability, accuracy, and ease of use.

Tangible improvements

Electronic voting has transformed election logistics in Flanders. Where manual counting once consumed days, complete municipal results now arrive within hours. In the 2024 elections, polls closed at 3 p.m., and full results were ready by 7 p.m. The system also reduced manpower requirements by an estimated 10,000 staff compared with manual counting. Yet the emphasis on transparency never diminished—each digital tally remains verifiable against its corresponding paper ballot, ensuring that efficiency does not come at the cost of trust.

Ensuring long-term gains

With the current equipment contracts expiring in 2027, Flanders now faces critical policy decisions: whether to upgrade, extend, or transition to new platforms. Considerations include system cost, accessibility for voters with disabilities, sustainability of hardware, and potential integration with national digital identity programs. Whatever direction policymakers choose, maintaining the delicate balance among security, transparency, and efficiency will remain the touchstone of the next phase.

Flanders’ offline e-voting model demonstrates that democratic innovation is not defined by speed or modernity alone—it is defined by verifiable trust. By keeping the process auditable, offline, and under independent oversight, Belgium has shown that technology can reinforce rather than compromise electoral integrity.

The Flemish experience stands as a measured, mature blueprint for resilient digital democracy.

When Theater Replaces Real Transparency: A Global Lesson in Election Governance

Transparency is a universally venerated pillar of electoral integrity. But when it becomes more about optics than being authentic, more performance than principle, it courts a backfire. Rather than building trust, performative transparency creates a false sense of oversight, lulling citizens into complacency, and conceals institutional rot.

In the Philippines, the chairman of the Commission on Elections (Comelec) is under fire for a procurement process riddled with controversy—making it a powerful case study in electoral governance. 

Chairman George Garcia. Source: Wikipedia/Comelec

The Philippine Case: What Went Wrong?

In a bid to create a perception of transparency, Chairman George Garcia orchestrated livestreams and media briefings covering its procurement of a new election system for the 2025 polls. But lawmakers and election watchdogs quickly saw through the performance and flagged irregularities in the procurement process.

Concerned groups raised alarms over the $310 million contract being awarded to newcomer Miru without competitive bidding. Beyond allegations of corruption, Miru’s technological failures have repeatedly disrupted elections and eroded public trust.

Even during the bidding process, Miru’s technology performed poorly in two different countries. In the Democratic Republic of Congo’s 2023 presidential elections, 45% of polling stations using Miru equipment experienced major malfunctions. The Carter Center flagged critical flaws in the voter registration kits, including thermal printers that smudged voter cards. In Iraq, Miru’s systems failed during both the 2018 and 2023 elections—70% of voting centers using its devices malfunctioned during special voting in 2023, requiring emergency manual counting.

Garcia’s efforts at transparency seemed to serve more as misdirection from the anomalies than genuine institutional accountability. As dissenting voices were ignored, public trust plummeted. Out of the camera view of the stage-managed transparency, a growing suspicion of corruption festered.

The chairman now faces multiple formal complaints which include a graft complaint alleging 61 million counts of cyberfraud during the 2025 elections, a graft suit by a congressman, accusing Garcia of violating procurement laws in awarding the $310 million contract to Miru Systems, and a disbarment petition before the Supreme Court citing a ₱300 million bribery allegation and political favoritism.

These cases point to a troubling reality: when transparency is only performed rather than practiced, accountability is undermined. 

Cameroon: Fake Observers, Fabricated Legitimacy

Lip-service legitimacy is being observed elsewhere around the world too. In Cameroon’s 2018 presidential election, the government boasted of international observers from Transparency International. But there was a catch—they never came. The illusion was only exposed after the narrative had circulated widely, reinforcing distrust in state-led transparency initiatives. 

Political Finance in France and Spain: Legal Compliance, Minimal Disclosure

While many EU member states claim to uphold financial transparency in politics, only 7 out of 27 countries mandate full pre-election disclosure of private donors. Nations like France and Spain still allow anonymity, even under mounting international scrutiny. This selective opacity chips away at the credibility of transparency efforts, revealing how compliance can mask concealment. 

The High Cost of Illusion

When institutions focus on looking transparent—through press conferences, staged demos, and curated narratives—they often distract from real structural flaws. This performative transparency misleads the public into believing systems are secure and fair, even when serious gaps remain.
 

According to research from the Electoral Integrity Project, countries with low authentic transparency suffer from lower voter turnout, increased corruption, and waning democratic trust.

True transparency isn't about putting on a show—it’s about structural openness, real-time accountability, and meaningful engagement with public concerns. Genuine transparency means conducting free, fair and competitive bidding, releasing full vendor evaluations and not just summaries and polished press briefings. It includes involving independent experts, civil society, and watchdog groups rather than staging tightly controlled stakeholder panels.

Real transparency also requires commissioning third-party technical audits instead of relying solely on internal demonstrations. It responds to legal complaints directly and substantively, rather than brushing them off as partisan attacks. In contrast, performative transparency is all optics, offering the appearance of openness without the substance.

Transparency must be more than a spectacle. In an age where disinformation, political apathy, and democratic backsliding are on the rise, authentic transparency is essential—not optional. It requires courage, institutional reform, and a commitment to face uncomfortable truths. Without it, democracy becomes less a system of accountability and more stagecraft.

And once trust is lost, no amount of theater can restore it.

Holy Grail of Elections: Does Ranked Choice Voting Produce True Majority Winners?

Source: fairvote.org

In the ongoing search for electoral systems that meet the demands of modern democracies, ranked choice voting (RCV) is gaining momentum. Advocates present it as a smarter alternative to plurality voting—one that strengthens majority rule, reduces negative campaigning, and offers voters more meaningful choices. By ranking candidates rather than selecting just one, voters can express preferences more fully and support their ideal candidate without fear of "wasting" their vote.

Proponents also argue that RCV encourages a more diverse field of candidates, giving independents and third-party contenders a better chance to compete. Critics, however, caution that RCV may simply exchange old problems for new ones. They point to the complexity of ballots, the need for extensive voter education, and the risk of confusion or ballot errors, particularly in lower-information elections.

How RCV Works

RCV allows voters to rank candidates in order of preference. If no candidate wins a majority of first-choice votes, the one with the fewest is eliminated. Ballots for that candidate are then redistributed based on the next-ranked choices. This continues until a candidate earns a majority of remaining active votes.

Why People Like It

Supporters say RCV more accurately reflects the will of the electorate. Under plurality systems, candidates can win with as little as 30–35% of the vote in crowded fields. RCV requires broader support, helping ensure that winners reflect a wider voter base.

Is It a "True Majority"?

A central debate around RCV is what constitutes a "majority." Because ballots that don’t list enough preferences can become “exhausted” and drop out before the final round, the winning candidate may achieve a majority of continuing ballots—but not a majority of all ballots cast. Whether this counts as a “true majority” depends on how one defines the electorate: by all participants or only those whose ballots remain active. Supporters emphasize that better ballot design and voter education can reduce exhaustion.

Complexity and Voter Understanding

RCV is more complex than single-choice voting and requires public education to ensure voters fill out their ballots correctly. Without proper outreach, voters may misunderstand the ranking process or leave ballots partially blank, leading to ballot exhaustion. However, in cities like San Francisco, Santa Fe, and Minneapolis, post-implementation studies have found high levels of voter understanding and confidence. A report by New America found that most voters in the US, even first-timers, say they understand how RCV works (New America report).

Impact on Campaigns

RCV may also influence how candidates campaign. Since being a second or third choice can help secure victory, candidates may be less likely to attack opponents and more likely to appeal to a broader coalition. While the actual impact varies across elections, many observers suggest that RCV can help foster more civil discourse.

Preventing Vote Splitting

RCV can help reduce vote-splitting, a common problem in plurality elections where similar candidates divide support and allow a less popular option to win. Under RCV, voters can support a preferred candidate without worrying about inadvertently helping their least preferred one. FairVote: RCV solves the "spoiler" problem.

Administrative Trade-Offs

Despite its benefits, RCV does bring administrative challenges. It can be more expensive to implement and slower to tabulate, especially in large races with many candidates. Multiple rounds of counting and the need for more sophisticated systems can raise concerns about transparency and trust. MIT Election Data + Science Lab report. 

• RCV in Global News New York City (2025 Democratic Mayoral Primary): Over a million voters used five-choice RCV. A SurveyUSA poll found 96% of voters said the ballot was easy to use.
• Australia (2025 Federal Election): Australia continues using RCV (instant-runoff) for House elections, reaffirming its status as a global model.
• Washington, D.C. (2024): Voters overwhelmingly approved RCV for local elections. Vox coverage.
• Portland, Oregon (2022): Voters approved RCV and a city government overhaul including a 12-member council. The Guardian.
• Alaska (2024): Voters rejected an RCV repeal, keeping their open primary + RCV system. Wikipedia summary.
• Ireland: Uses RCV for parliamentary elections.
• India: Uses RCV to elect the President and in some legislative council elections.
• Papua New Guinea: Uses Limited Preferential Voting (a form of RCV) since 2003 to promote stability and inclusion.

Is It the Holy Grail?

RCV offers meaningful improvements: it reduces vote-splitting, broadens voter expression, and may promote more civil campaigning. But it’s not a universal fix. It brings trade-offs in cost, complexity, and the definition of majority. As global examples from New York to Australia to India show, RCV can succeed with transparency, robust education, and thoughtful implementation.

No system is perfect. But for jurisdictions aiming to reflect the will of more voters in crowded fields, RCV remains a compelling option—worthy of continued study, testing, and refinement.

People’s Veto in the Digital Age: How Online Referendums Can Extend Participation Beyond Elections

The idea that citizens should have direct power to hold government accountable at all times gave rise to referendums. They remain as one of the most powerful expressions of direct democracy. From constitutional reforms to independence votes, referendums allow citizens to weigh in on major national decisions between election cycles.

In many democracies, citizens are increasingly turning to them as a way to influence policy and hold elected officials accountable beyond elections. Taiwan, for example, has seen a growing number of recall elections in recent years, the latest of which is set in July 2025. Recall elections and referendums share a key characteristic: they enable the electorate to exercise direct power over government.

In the digital age, this “people’s veto” is undergoing a quiet transformation. Spurred by new technologies and shifting expectations of civic participation, online referendums and recall elections promise to give the electorate an even louder voice in governance.

The emergence of secure online voting opens the door for a more agile form of direct democracy. Already, countries like Estonia and Mexico have successfully implemented internet voting, proving it’s possible to preserve both access and integrity in a digital format. As these technologies improve, it’s not hard to imagine a future where referendums, recall elections, and other citizen-led initiatives are conducted more frequently and conveniently—without requiring voters to visit physical polling places.

Such a future could lead to more responsive governance. Citizens could vote on key issues from their homes, participate in digital deliberations, and trigger recall votes when a critical mass of dissatisfaction is reached. When designed with robust safeguards—identity verification, cybersecurity, audit trails—online tools could make it easier for citizens to directly shape the direction of their communities and countries.

But this vision also comes with a caveat. The ease of digital engagement must not come at the expense of thoughtful debate. Populist waves, viral misinformation, or visceral decision-making could distort outcomes if checks and balances are not built in. Moreover, fair thresholds for initiating referendums and recalls must be determined and upheld to prevent their misuse or overuse.

Ultimately, the evolution of referendums reflects a more fundamental shift: citizens want more say, more often, and more conveniently. By harnessing the right digital tools and learning from real-world examples, democracies can move toward a future where direct participation becomes not just more feasible, but more meaningful. When used thoughtfully, such digital “people’s veto” serve as important safety valves in a democracy.

As the world reimagines democracy in the digital age, referendums may no longer be the exception—they could become the norm.

Bulgaria’s “Paper Coalition” and the Politics of Distrust in Voting Machines

 

In a new article published in the Swiss Political Science Review, political scientist Petar Bankov dissects one of Bulgaria’s most heated political debates of recent years: the fight over electronic voting machines. His analysis makes a striking claim—resistance to voting technology in Bulgaria was less about technical flaws and more about politics, identity, and power.

Bulgaria first introduced electronic voting machines to reduce the country’s chronic problems of spoiled ballots, vote-buying, and administrative chaos. Observers, including the OSCE, noted clear benefits: far fewer invalid votes, faster and more accurate preferential vote counting, and stronger safeguards against the kind of clientelism that had long plagued Bulgarian elections. For reform-minded parties—especially We Continue the Change (PP) and Democratic Bulgaria (DB)—machine voting, as they call the process of using electronic voting machines, was a symbol of modernization and part of a broader digitalization agenda that included efforts to build an Estonian-style e-government.

But these benefits came with political costs for some of the country’s older, more established parties. Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria (GERB), the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), and the Movement for Rights and Freedoms (DPS)—long dominant players with deep offline networks—saw their ability to mobilize voters and exercise influence shrink.

Their base was less digitally savvy, and their campaign methods relied heavily on offline structures, local patronage, and in some cases practices that electronic voting made harder to sustain.

In late 2022, GERB, BSP, and DPS came together to reintroduce paper ballots alongside machines, forming what their opponents quickly branded the “paper coalition.” Reformist members of parliament mocked the alliance as clinging to paper like a lifeline, while commentators noted how the phrase instantly resonated with the public. The label highlighted what was really at stake: not the technical merits of voting machines, but the survival strategies of parties tied to the old political order.

Political scientist Bankov shows how the “paper coalition” justified its position with stories about distrust and disenfranchisement. BSP argued that machine voting discouraged elderly voters from participating. GERB and DPS suggested that the technology was vulnerable and unsafe, despite the lack of evidence. These claims—often misleading, sometimes outright disinformation—were repeated in parliament, in press conferences, and across sympathetic media.

The irony, as Bankov notes, is that these arguments ignored the evidence. Surveys showed most Bulgarians supported machine voting. Statistics confirmed that invalid ballots had plummeted when machines were used exclusively. Even BSP’s claims about alienated older voters rang hollow, since many were already adept with ATMs and messaging apps. Yet the paper coalition succeeded. By December 2022, the Bulgarian parliament had passed reforms that drastically reduced the role of electronic voting, limiting the machines to producing paper slips that then had to be counted manually, eliminating their key advantages for accuracy and security.

What does this episode tell us? According to Bankov, the fight over voting machines in Bulgaria was never a purely technical debate about electoral efficiency. It was a battle over political identity and survival. Parties with little digital presence and offline mobilization strategies resisted a reform that undercut their traditional advantages. To do so, they deployed narratives—anchored in distrust, conspiracy, and nostalgia—that overshadowed empirical evidence of the machines’ benefits.

In short, Bulgaria’s “paper coalition” shows how electoral modernization can be trumped not by technology’s limits, but by political calculation. When digital reforms threaten entrenched interests, disinformation and fear can be powerful tools to roll them back—even at the expense of a fairer and more reliable vote.